Other uses of biodiesel
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1. Biodiesel Oil. The availability of petroleum fuel is increasingly limited. As an illustration, the estimated oil reserves in the North Sea will run out in th. 2010. Indonesia currently known as one of the petroleum exporting countries are also expected to import fuel oil in the next 10 years. Because domestic production can no longer meet the market demand is increasing rapidly due to population growth and industry. Much effort has been made to deal with this energy crisis, among others is to utilize the energy resources of solar, coal, and nuclear, and to develop fuels from natural resources that can be updated (renewable). Brazil has been using a mixture of gasoline with alcohol is synthesized from sugar cane to fuel vehicles. Several types of plant oils such as coconut oil, soybean oil and palm oil have also been investigated for direct use as fuel in motor vehicles, as well as our ancestors did, using local plant oil as fuel lighting equipment. Several European countries and the United States have developed and use fuel from vegetable oil that has been converted to form fatty acid methyl esters, called biodiesel. European countries generally use biodiesel made from rapeseed oil, while the United States to use biodiesel made from soybean oil. As a country of the world's largest palm oil producer, Malaysia and Indonesia also has developed products Minya biodiesel from palm oil (palm biodiesel), although not done commercially. Oil Palm Research Center (PPKS) has successfully developed a palm biodiesel from crude palm oil (CPO), refined bleached deodorised palm oil (RBDPO) and fractions such as stearin and olein and palm kernel oil. Palm fatty acid destillate (PFAD) which is a byproduct of cooking oil factory and used frying oil from a cottage industry (home industry) have also been developed by PPKS as raw material for the manufacture of palm biodiesel. Biodiesel product development was more encouraging than the use of straight vegetable oil as fuel for thermal processes (heat) in the engine will cause the oil breaks down into glycerol and fatty acids. Fatty acids can be oxidized or burned in a relatively perfect, but from glycerin akrolein compounds will be formed and polymerized into a rather solid plastic compounds. These compounds cause damage to the engine, because it forms deposits on the injector pump. Because it is necessary modifications to the engines of commercial vehicles when using straight vegetable oil as fuel substitute for petroleum. Apart from the limited availability of crude oils, product development of biodiesel from plant oils such as palm oil, also directed at the nature of their raw materials that can be updated. In addition, gas production results of combustion, namely carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of excess CO2 is destroying the environment with the greenhouse effect caused. With the use of plant oils as fuel, the formation of new CO2 in the atmosphere is expected to almost nothing. This is due to CO2 from combustion of the biodiesel will dikomsumsikan again by new plants for the needs fotosintesisnya processes (carbon cycle). In addition to reducing the greenhouse effect, the use of biodiesel will also improve local air quality by reducing emissions of harmful gases, like carbon monooksida (CO), ozone (O3), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and other reactive hydrocarbons, and smoke and particles that can be inhaled. The results showed that the levels of exhaust emissions such as CO, CO2, NOx, SO2, and hydrocarbons from fuel Uran camp palm biodiesel and diesel is lower than pure diesel fuel. Use of biodiesel also can reduce soil pollution, and protect the sustainability of water and drinking water sources. This is related to the use of diesel engines in the water sector. Advantages possessed by this biodiesel can be supported by its relatively perfect oxygenated or burned down, non-toxic, biodegradable and natural (biodegradable). Biological test results menunj ukkan that the level of acute toxicity of biodiesel in mice is relatively low, with LD50 values (the dose that causes death of experimental animals as much as 50 percent of the experimental population) of 17.4 grams per kilogram of body weight (BW).
2. Ethanol. Ethanol is a liquid alcohol with a high octane numbers and able to replace bensin.Ethanol produced from natural resources that can be updated (renewable recources) such as corn in the United States and sugarcane in Brazil. According to existing studies, ethanol is more beneficial to the environment is clean compared to regular gasoline. Fuel ethanol, according to the report reduces carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons and other toxic emissions. But it could happen the possibility of ethanol produces acetaldehyde emissions as a toxic pollutant. In general, the price of ethanol is more expensive when compared with the price of gasoline. While ethanol has not been developed in Indonesia. Brazil is the country most advanced in the field of motor vehicles with fuel ethanol.
3. BBG. Natural gas will answer one of the air pollution capital of the solution. Motor vehicles for the general population numbered about 2600 vehicles. While the number of vehicles in Jakarta around 2.6 million. This vehicle consists of a fleet of taxis, public bus, microbus and micro mini. Bebepa micron grams per day of emissions released by vehicle exhaust spring when not resolved. Then Jakarta will be a waste of air pollution. One way to reduce pollution is to use natural gas. Us enough gas reserves available in relatively large amount. Therefore, it is a challenge and also an opportunity. Actually BBG is an alternative energy fuel of the most prospective to be developed soon, because: • CNG has several advantages against the fuel, partly because natural gas reserves are relatively still quite large and the cost of procurement is less expensive than gasoline. • Vehicles which use CNG will extend the life of the lubricating oil, engine and spark plugs, environmentally friendly and safe for users. • Fuel consumption for the transportation sector is the most dominant (52%) compared to the industry (19%), electricity (7%) and households (22%). So the substitution of fuel with CNG will reduce fuel consumption significantly. That is why the government through Pertamina entered into trial use of alternative fuels for motor vehicles. In 1987 the introduction of the use of gas as an alternative fuel has been delivered to the general public. Dikala was 500 Blue Bird taxi and relatively successful pilot project. Gas disperser that time only five pieces scattered dilima the capital region. Because the number of refueling stations (SPBG) is very limited, then the interest of society to support the successful use of less BBG BBG. Moreover, in addition to a limited number, are also less evenly spread. This is sufficient reason why CNG is less popular in the eyes of the general public. But now the amount of gas dispensers continue to grow to 13 units. Meanwhile, nine SPBG are in preparation for development. With the operation SPBG - SPBG is the expected contribution of natural gas resources will increasingly play a role. Therefore, the development of CNG is expected to spur the community to contribute to creating a clean environment. The trick is to convert vehicles to gas fuel. State - a fairly advanced state of development in the field of CNG in addition to New Zealand is Italy and Argentina. America is now also do not want to miss this. Already about 11 years Fuel Gas (CNG) is commercially marketed as motor vehicle fuel in Indonesia, but its sales growth has been extremely slow. CNG consumption is only 0.33% of total vehicle fuel consumption in wilyah North Coast (coast) Java.
4. LPG. In addition to CNG, LPG also has been developed for automotive fuel. This shows that the trend of transportation fuels in the future lead to the more obvious, ie, fuel that does not pollute the environment. In some developed countries like the Netherlands, Italy, Australia and even Singapore have long use LPG for motor vehicles. Liquefied petroleum gas for motor vehicles are now also increasingly lively, if we took the taxi image then we will increase fuel Elpiji.Selain tion by taxi, public transportation vehicles in the city - some city also has and will use LPG as fuel. State of the most striking development in the field of LPG for vehicles in the world besides Windmills country is New Zealand, Italy, Japan, Belgium, Canada, Australia and Spain. State of this country had long been engaged in the field of development of LPG for vehicles. If third-fuel substitution has been widely used, it is believed that the air pollution capital of the smaller, but nevertheless the government as katalitas development gembangan pen to determine the success of alternative energy sources for motor vehicles. Canada and New Zealand are examples of countries that provide facilities or even a loan in the form of grants for alternative fuel industry. Once again that government commitment is crucial to its success. This is because the transfer of mental (mental swtch) community of alternative fuels requires changes in attitudes, finance, technology and regulations. In addition to government involvement, no less importance is the participation of the automotive industry. Engagement here means, they produce vehicles that can use alternative fuels and also help in overcoming various difficulties for vehicles with alternative fuels. The most important is that the society of motor vehicle owners willing to accept alternative fuels. They must be convinced that these alternative fuels in addition to its lower price, as well as efficient and improve environmental quality. If the trend of fuel this is true, then in a few years to come the era of alternative fuels like ethanol, CNG and LPG will be more intense.
5. Biogas Cattle dung can be used as an alternative energy source is environmentally friendly. Through the process of fermentation, which smells very stimulating waste that can be converted into biogas. Biogas energy have an advantage over nuclear energy or coal, which is not at high risk for the environment. In addition, the biogas does not have high pollution so that environmental sanitation was more awake. Since the energy crisis in 1973, energy problems became the main topic of the world. Developed countries began to compete to find a breakthrough in producing alternative energy is much cheaper than oil and gas. They also implemented a policy of energy diversification. Of course, dependence on nonrenewable energy was increasingly reduced. This is fair, because every crisis is always an effect on fuel prices and inadequate availability. One example is the biogas alternative energy earlier. This energy has a bright future because of raw material is enormous. But unfortunately livestock manure into biogas utilization is still less popular when compared to fertilizer plants from the dung. Whereas with biogas technology, the content of natural substances found in manure can be used to meet increasing energy needs. So the fuss over the lack of energy supply will not be there anymore. This is because the biogas can be used for anything. Ranging from cooking, lighting, transportation to other purposes that need energy. If the biogas has been applied luasmasalah about energy supply shortages can be avoided. And environmental sanitation affairs can be resolved. According to records ALGAS (1997), the livestock sector is the second contributor in methane emission rates. Number of them held by the agricultural sector. Together CO, N2O, NOx, methane is a greenhouse gas produced from activities in agriculture and animal husbandry. Fermentation from livestock digestion (enteric Fermentation) accounted for most of the methane emissions produced by livestock. But these concerns can be addressed, the methane emissions that arise can be reduced. The trick is to improve the quality of forage. If not, make use of animal manure was as biogas. In some areas, such as Solo, the implementation of the rest of the biogas production has been carried out by using livestock manure into heat energy source to the needs of the kitchen. Even the region has succeeded in designing a special stove like the LPG stove. This is evidence that biogas could be applied as an alternative fuel. It's just that this fuel requires dissemination and transfer of technology from various parties.
6. Swamp Gas Biogas is commonly known as swamp gas or mud. Gas mixture is obtained from the reform process manure into organic material by microbes in the absence of oxygen. This process known as anaerobic. During the fermentation process, biogas was formed. From this fermentation, the mixture will be produced biogas consisting of methane (CH4), carbon dioxide, hydrogen, nitrogen and other gases such as H2S. Methane contained in biogas amounted to 54-70 percent, while carbon dioxide is between 27-43 percent. Other gases have only a smaller percentage. During the process, the microbes that work needs food. Foods that contain carbohydrates, fats, protein, phosphorus and micro elements. Through the cycle of biochemistry, nutrition line will be described. By doing so, will produce energy for growth. From the anaerobic digestion process will produce methane gas. When the elements in the diet was not in a balanced dose or less, can be sure the production of enzymes to degrade complex carbon molecules by microbes is inhibited. To ensure everything goes smoothly, the elements required microbial nutrients should be available in a balanced manner. In an optimum microbial growth usually required element ratio C: N: P of 100: 2.5: 0.5. In addition to nutrition problems, there are other factors that need to be careful because it can potentially disrupt the fermentation process. This is because there are several compounds that could inhibit the decomposition process in a biogas unit. Therefore, when preparing raw material for biogas production, nuisance materials such as antibiotics, disinfectants and heavy metals must be considered carefully. This fermented methane gas will contribute to the heating value contained in the biogas, the magnitude of between 590-700 per cubic K.cal. The main source of calorific value of biogas derived from methane gas that, plus a bit of H2 and CO. Medium carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas has no contribution in terms of value last summer. While in terms of calorific value that is owned, biogas has a significant advantage than other energy sources, such as coalgas (586 K.cal/m3) or watergas (302 K.cal/m3). The calorific value of biogas was defeated by natural gas (967 K.cal/m3). In fact, every cubic biogas is equivalent to half a kilogram of liquefied natural gas (liquid petroleum gases), half a liter of gasoline and half a liter of diesel oil. Biogas was able to generate power at 1.25 to 1.50 kilo watt hour (kwh). From the calorific value contained, biogas can be used as an energy source in some daily activities. Ranging from cooking, drying, lighting until the job that requires heating (welding). In addition, biogas can also be used as fuel to drive the motor. But for this purpose, previous biogas must be cleaned from the possibility of H2S gas because the gas can cause corrosion. To avoid O ng smelling gas, the biogas must be passed in the ferric oxide. Ferric oxide is what will bind the (gas) H 2 S so that corrosion can be prevented. When biogas is used as a motor fuel it needs a little modification to the carburetor system. The work of the motor with biogas fuels can be used for various purposes such as power plants, water pumps and more. In addition, biogas can also be combined with other production systems.
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Judul: Other uses of biodiesel
Ditulis oleh aries panutan
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